Our Family History

Ludvig Stoud
1. Ludvig Stoud Family/Spouse: Anne Marie With. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
Children:
- 2. Cathrine Stoud
was born on 17 Mar 1751; was christened on 22 Mar 1751 in Kjeldby; died on 6 Jan 1824 in Tikøb.
- 2. Cathrine Stoud
Generation: 2
2. Cathrine Stoud
(1.Ludvig1) was born on 17 Mar 1751; was christened on 22 Mar 1751 in Kjeldby; died on 6 Jan 1824 in Tikøb. Cathrine married Frederik Christian Platou on 23 Feb 1776 in Kjeldby. Frederik (son of Rasmus Michelsen Platou and Anna Magdalene Schmidt) was christened on 18 Jun 1749 in Damsholte sogn, Præstø amt; died on 15 Jul 1815. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
Children:
- 3. Anna Magdalene Platou
was christened on 10 Oct 1776 in Slagelse; died on 12 Jun 1833 in Tikøb. - 4. Ludvig Stoud Platou
was born on 28 Mar 1778; was christened on 9 Apr 1778 in Slagelse; died on 30 Nov 1833 in Ladegården i Oslo. - 5. Rasmus Platou
was christened on 5 Jun 1779 in Slagelse; died on 6 Feb 1794 in København. - 6. Otto Michael Platou
was christened on 12 Mar 1781 in Slagelse; was buried on 15 Mar 1781 in Slagelse. - 7. Anne Maria Platou
was christened on 15 Feb 1782 in Slagelse; died on 25 Mar 1852 in København. - 8. Otto Michael Platou
was born on 2 Apr 1783; was christened on 30 Apr 1783 in Slagelse; died on 16 Oct 1830 in Biri, Norge. - 9. Johanne Platou
was born on 16 Mar 1785; was christened on 8 Apr 1785 in Slagelse; died on 22 Mar 1837 in Præstø. - 10. Jens Mathias Platou
was christened on 29 Dec 1786 in Slagelse. - 11. Fredrikke Louise Charlotte Platou
was christened on 2 Jul 1788 in Slagelse; was buried on 18 Mar 1789 in Sankt Mikkels sogn, Slagelse, Sorø amt. - 12. Fredrikke Louise Charlotte Platou
was christened on 25 Jan 1790 in Øster Egesborg sogn, Præstø amt; died on 9 Aug 1853 in København. - 13. Inger Birgitte Platou
was christened on 22 May 1791 in Øster Egesborg sogn, Præstø amt; died on 5 Jul 1856 in København.
- 3. Anna Magdalene Platou
Generation: 3
3. Anna Magdalene Platou
(2.Cathrine2, 1.Ludvig1) was christened on 10 Oct 1776 in Slagelse; died on 12 Jun 1833 in Tikøb. Anna married Holger Jørgen Wilhelm/Schoulund Skovlund on 24 Mar 1804 in Øster Egesborg. Holger (son of Jørgen/Schoulund Skovlund and Anne Schwartz) was born on 10 Nov 1772 in Køge; died on 6 Sep 1809. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
4. Ludvig Stoud Platou
(2.Cathrine2, 1.Ludvig1) was born on 28 Mar 1778; was christened on 9 Apr 1778 in Slagelse; died on 30 Nov 1833 in Ladegården i Oslo. Ludvig married Karen Lumholtz on 20 May 1808 in Slotsprest Pavel's bolig på Akershus, Oslo, Norge. Karen (daughter of Nicolai Lumholtz and Kirsten Cudrio) was born on 8 Oct 1785 in Christiania; was christened on 14 Oct 1785; died on 25 May 1833 in Oslo ladegaard. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
Children:
- 14. Carl Nicolai Stoud Platou
was born on 26 Jun 1809 in Christiania; was christened on 21 Jul 1809; died on 11 Sep 1888 in Bergen, Norge. - 15. Frederik Christian Stoud Platou
was born on 17 Feb 1811 in Christiania, Norge; was christened on 14 Mar 1811; died on 23 Jun 1891 in Christiania, Norge. - 16. Louise Cathrine Platou
was born on 25 Oct 1812 in Christiania, Norge; was christened on 13 Nov 1812; died on 12 Aug 1843 in Høvik ved Bærum, Norge. - 17. Ludvig Otto Stoud Platou
was born on 30 May 1814 in Christiania, Norge; was christened on 21 Jun 1814; was buried on 6 Oct 1814 in Christiania, Norge. - 18. Ludvig Otto Stoud Platou
was born on 9 Jun 1815 in Christiania, Norge; was christened on 1 Aug 1815; died on 19 Apr 1890 in Tønsberg, Norge. - 19. Andreas Petrus [Peter] Platou
was born on 7 Jun 1817 in Christiania, Norge; was christened on 4 Aug 1817; died on 30 Oct 1889 in Christiania, Norge. - 20. Herman Julius Stoud Platou
was born on 22 Nov 1818 in Christiania, Norge; was christened on 6 Jan 1819; died on 14 Apr 1820 in Christiania, Norge.
- 14. Carl Nicolai Stoud Platou
5. Rasmus Platou
(2.Cathrine2, 1.Ludvig1) was christened on 5 Jun 1779 in Slagelse; died on 6 Feb 1794 in København. 6. Otto Michael Platou
(2.Cathrine2, 1.Ludvig1) was christened on 12 Mar 1781 in Slagelse; was buried on 15 Mar 1781 in Slagelse. 7. Anne Maria Platou
(2.Cathrine2, 1.Ludvig1) was christened on 15 Feb 1782 in Slagelse; died on 25 Mar 1852 in København. Anne married Jens Christian Fangel on 15 May 1806 in Øster Egesborg. Jens (son of Christian Jensen Fangel and Christiane Jensen) was born on 15 Jan 1781 in Tikøb; died on 29 Mar 1841 in Tikøb. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
8. Otto Michael Platou
(2.Cathrine2, 1.Ludvig1) was born on 2 Apr 1783; was christened on 30 Apr 1783 in Slagelse; died on 16 Oct 1830 in Biri, Norge. Otto married Anne Harstad on 19 Jan 1819 in Romedal, Norge. Anne (daughter of Johannes Tollefsen Harstad and Marie Olsdatter) was born on 25 Sep 1791 in Romedal, Norge; was christened on 2 Oct 1791; died on 24 May 1864 in Hamar, Norge. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
Children:
- 21. Ludvig Stoud Platou
was born on 16 Sep 1819 in Fosnes, Norge; died on 5 May 1836 in Christiania, Norge. - 22. Karen Cathrine Platou
was born on 18 Aug 1821 in Fosnes, Norge; died on 12 Jan 1877 in Christiania, Norge. - 23. Christian Fredrik Stoud Platou
was born on 2 Apr 1824 in Fosnes, Norge; died on 21 Apr 1883 in Ajer i Furnes, Norge; was buried in Hamar, Norge. - 24. Johannes Anders Lysgaard Platou
was born on 30 Apr 1826 in Biri, Norge; died on 18 Sep 1882 in Christiania, Norge. - 25. Juliane [Julie] Marie Platou
was born on 14 Jul 1829 in Biri, Norge; died on 26 Feb 1860 in Hamar, Norge.
- 21. Ludvig Stoud Platou
9. Johanne Platou
(2.Cathrine2, 1.Ludvig1) was born on 16 Mar 1785; was christened on 8 Apr 1785 in Slagelse; died on 22 Mar 1837 in Præstø. Johanne married Hans Jørgen Jessen on 2 Dec 1809 in Øster Egesborg sogn, Præstø amt. Hans (son of Jess Jessen and Elisabeth Cathrine Hammerich) was born on 16 Oct 1781; died on 26 Oct 1841 in Præstø. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
Children:
- 26. Frederik Christian Platou Jessen
was born on 2 Feb 1814 in Præstø; was christened on 27 Apr 1814 in Præstø. - 27. Hans Jørgen Jessen
was born on 9 Mar 1819 in Præstø; died on 26 Nov 1841. - 28. Hanne Christine Jessen
was born on 6 Apr 1824 in Præstø; died on 3 Dec 1862. - 29. Magdalene Marie Jessen
was born on 12 Dec 1821 in Præstø; died on 8 Jun 1824. - 30. Jess Wilhelm Jessen
was born on 5 Jul 1816 in Præstø. - 31. Karen Louise Jessen
was born on 20 Oct 1811 in Tærø, Kalvehave. - 32. Elise Cathrine Jessen
was born on 7 Sep 1810 in Tærø, Kalvehave.
- 26. Frederik Christian Platou Jessen
10. Jens Mathias Platou
(2.Cathrine2, 1.Ludvig1) was christened on 29 Dec 1786 in Slagelse. 11. Fredrikke Louise Charlotte Platou
(2.Cathrine2, 1.Ludvig1) was christened on 2 Jul 1788 in Slagelse; was buried on 18 Mar 1789 in Sankt Mikkels sogn, Slagelse, Sorø amt. 12. Fredrikke Louise Charlotte Platou
(2.Cathrine2, 1.Ludvig1) was christened on 25 Jan 1790 in Øster Egesborg sogn, Præstø amt; died on 9 Aug 1853 in København. Fredrikke married Ludvig Beatus Meyer on 21 Oct 1812 in København. Ludvig (son of Johann Christian Meyer and Catharina Wilhelmine Philippine Bode) was born on 3 Jan 1780 in Gandersheim i Braunschweig; died on 23 Jul 1854 in Vester Velling præstegård. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
Children:
- 33. Marie Cathrine Helene Meyer
was born on 26 Jul 1813 in København; died on 4 Dec 1881.
- 33. Marie Cathrine Helene Meyer
13. Inger Birgitte Platou
(2.Cathrine2, 1.Ludvig1) was christened on 22 May 1791 in Øster Egesborg sogn, Præstø amt; died on 5 Jul 1856 in København. Inger married Jens Christian Fangel on 10 Sep 1815 in Øster Egesborg sogn, Præstø amt. Jens (son of Gomme Fangel and Cathrine Elisabeth Jensen) was born on 29 Jul 1789 in Tranderup på Ærø; died on 20 Nov 1834 in Svanninge på Fyn. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
Generation: 4
14. Carl Nicolai Stoud Platou
(4.Ludvig3, 2.Cathrine2, 1.Ludvig1) was born on 26 Jun 1809 in Christiania; was christened on 21 Jul 1809; died on 11 Sep 1888 in Bergen, Norge. Carl married Christence Dorothea Plade Nielsen on 22 Aug 1838 in Undrumsdal, Norge. Christence (daughter of Bothel Nielsen and Else Cathrine Stranger) was born on 29 Mar 1817 in Vaale, Norge; was christened on 1 Aug 1817; died on 2 Nov 1889 in Bergen, Norge. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
Children:
- 34. Valborg Elise Platou
was born on 29 Aug 1839 in Oslo, Norge. - 35. Carl Ludvig Stoud Platou
was born on 1 Nov 1841 in Oslo, Norge; died on 27 Jan 1898 in Christiania, Norge. - 36. Lars Hannibal Sommerfeldt Platou
was born on 2 Sep 1848 in Bergen, Norge. - 37. Peter Theodor Stoud Platou
was born on 14 Dec 1852 in Bergen, Norge; died on 9 Jun 1906 in Gjøvik, Norge. - 38. Theodor Christian Stoud Platou
was born on 11 Jun 1858 in Christianssand, Norge.
- 34. Valborg Elise Platou
15. Frederik Christian Stoud Platou
(4.Ludvig3, 2.Cathrine2, 1.Ludvig1) was born on 17 Feb 1811 in Christiania, Norge; was christened on 14 Mar 1811; died on 23 Jun 1891 in Christiania, Norge. Frederik married Constance Henriette Reiersen on 16 Jul 1844 in Kraakstad, Norge. Constance (daughter of Hans Chrystie Reiersen and Alette Marie Winther) was born on 31 Mar 1820 in Nesodden, Norge; was christened on 6 Jul 1820; died on 16 Mar 1893 in Christiania, Norge. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
Children:
- 39. Oscar Ludvig Stoud Platou
was born on 16 Jul 1845 in Christiania, Norge. - 40. Christian Constant Stoud Platou
was born on 12 Apr 1847 in Christiania, Norge. - 41. Louise Cathrine Platou
was born on 12 Jan 1850 in Christiania, Norge; died on 11 Jun 1865 in Christiania, Norge. - 42. Inga Elise Platou
was born on 29 Dec 1854 in Christiania, Norge. - 43. Anna Constance Stoud Platou
was born on 30 Dec 1858 in Christiania, Norge. - 44. Ragna Marie Platou
was born on 18 Jun 1863 in Christiania, Norge. - 45. Karen Emilie "Mimi" Marie Platou
was born on 3 Jul 1852 in Christiania, Norge.
- 39. Oscar Ludvig Stoud Platou
16. Louise Cathrine Platou
(4.Ludvig3, 2.Cathrine2, 1.Ludvig1) was born on 25 Oct 1812 in Christiania, Norge; was christened on 13 Nov 1812; died on 12 Aug 1843 in Høvik ved Bærum, Norge. Louise married Fredrik Emil Ingstad on 25 Oct 1836 in Christiania, Norge. Fredrik was born on 19 Jun 1808 in Christiania, Norge; died on 15 Nov 1877 in Christiania, Norge. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
Children:
- 46. Marcus Pløen Ingstad
was born on 18 Aug 1837; was christened on 27 Dec 1837 in Domkirken, Oslo, Norge; died on 24 Sep 1918. - 47. Carl Ludvig Christopher Ingstad
was christened on 21 Sep 1839 in Domkirken, Oslo, Norge. - 48. Catharine Elisabeth Ingstad
was christened on 22 Sep 1842 in Domkirken, Oslo, Norge.
- 46. Marcus Pløen Ingstad
17. Ludvig Otto Stoud Platou
(4.Ludvig3, 2.Cathrine2, 1.Ludvig1) was born on 30 May 1814 in Christiania, Norge; was christened on 21 Jun 1814; was buried on 6 Oct 1814 in Christiania, Norge. 18. Ludvig Otto Stoud Platou
(4.Ludvig3, 2.Cathrine2, 1.Ludvig1) was born on 9 Jun 1815 in Christiania, Norge; was christened on 1 Aug 1815; died on 19 Apr 1890 in Tønsberg, Norge. Ludvig married Charlotte Andrea Benneche on 17 Jul 1843 in Christianssand, Norge. Charlotte (daughter of Steen Andreas Benneche and Valborg Christine Kossvig) was born on 25 Sep 1817 in Christianssand, Norge; died on 15 Dec 1850 in Fredrikshald, Norge. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
Children:
- 49. Ludvig Stoud Platou
was born on 22 Jul 1844 in Lillehammer, Norge; died on 11 Nov 1844 in Lillehammer, Norge. - 50. Halfdan Andreas Stoud Platou
was born on 24 Nov 1845 in Lillehammer, Norge; died on 5 Mar 1846 in Lillehammer, Norge. - 51. Christian Fredrik Stoud Platou
was born on 26 Nov 1847 in Fredriksstad, Norge.
Ludvig married Aspasia Carolina Wilhelmina Uggla on 20 Sep 1859 in Karlstad, Sverige. Aspasia was born on 6 Aug 1820 in Karlstad, Sverige; died on 24 Jun 1879 in Skien, Norge. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
Children:
- 52. Einar Stoud Platou
was born on 1 Mar 1861 in Oscarsborg fæstning.
- 49. Ludvig Stoud Platou
19. Andreas Petrus [Peter] Platou
(4.Ludvig3, 2.Cathrine2, 1.Ludvig1) was born on 7 Jun 1817 in Christiania, Norge; was christened on 4 Aug 1817; died on 30 Oct 1889 in Christiania, Norge. 20. Herman Julius Stoud Platou
(4.Ludvig3, 2.Cathrine2, 1.Ludvig1) was born on 22 Nov 1818 in Christiania, Norge; was christened on 6 Jan 1819; died on 14 Apr 1820 in Christiania, Norge. 21. Ludvig Stoud Platou
(8.Otto3, 2.Cathrine2, 1.Ludvig1) was born on 16 Sep 1819 in Fosnes, Norge; died on 5 May 1836 in Christiania, Norge. 22. Karen Cathrine Platou
(8.Otto3, 2.Cathrine2, 1.Ludvig1) was born on 18 Aug 1821 in Fosnes, Norge; died on 12 Jan 1877 in Christiania, Norge. Karen married Ole Krogstie on 15 Aug 1844 in Romedal, Norge. Ole was born on 23 Jan 1817 in Krogsti i Løiten, Norge; died on 19 Feb 1886 in Christiania, Norge. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
23. Christian Fredrik Stoud Platou
(8.Otto3, 2.Cathrine2, 1.Ludvig1) was born on 2 Apr 1824 in Fosnes, Norge; died on 21 Apr 1883 in Ajer i Furnes, Norge; was buried in Hamar, Norge. Christian married Olivia Dorothea Elisabeth Sem on 24 Dec 1851 in Vang, Norge. Olivia (daughter of Ole Sem and Elisabeth Dorothea Hetting) was born on 3 Mar 1834 in Nordre Aurdal, Norge. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
Children:
- 53. Otto Michael Stoud Platou
was born on 7 Oct 1852 in Hamar, Norge; died on 29 Mar 1904 in Christiania, Norge. - 54. Olga Elisabeth Cathrine Platou
was born on 1 May 1854 in Hamar, Norge. - 55. Carl Nicolai Stoud Platou
was born on 28 Aug 1855 in Hamar, Norge. - 56. Gabriel Andreas Platou
was born on 15 Aug 1857 in Hamar, Norge; died on 16 Nov 1857 in Hamar, Norge. - 57. Gabriel Andreas Stoud Platou
was born on 27 Jul 1858 in Hamar, Norge; died on 6 Jun 1911 in Christiania, Norge; was buried in Hamar, Norge. - 58. Kitty Ottilie Platou
was born on 11 Sep 1859 in Hamar, Norge. - 59. Christian Emil Stoud Platou
was born on 18 Apr 1861 in Hamar, Norge. - 60. Einar Stoud Platou
was born on 15 Dec 1862 in Hamar, Norge. - 61. Ole Sem Platou
was born on 8 Jun 1864 in Hamar, Norge. - 62. Anne Birgitte Platou
was born on 20 Oct 1865 in Hamar, Norge. - 63. Ludvig Stoud Platou
was born on 8 Apr 1867 in Ajer i Furnes, Norge. - 64. Waldemar Stoud Platou
was born on 11 Aug 1868 in Ajer i Furnes, Norge. - 65. Olivia Dorothea Elisabeth Platou
was born on 18 May 1870 in Ajer i Furnes, Norge; died on 24 May 1909 in Christiania, Norge. - 66. Julie Marie Platou
was born on 12 Oct 1872 in Ajer i Furnes, Norge. - 67. Constance Platou
was born on 25 Aug 1876 in Ajer i Furnes, Norge.
- 53. Otto Michael Stoud Platou
24. Johannes Anders Lysgaard Platou
(8.Otto3, 2.Cathrine2, 1.Ludvig1) was born on 30 Apr 1826 in Biri, Norge; died on 18 Sep 1882 in Christiania, Norge. Johannes married Birgitte Todderud on 24 Oct 1854 in Vang, Norge. Birgitte (daughter of Eilert Ditlev Todderud and Anne Benedicte Dorph) was born on 4 Aug 1823 in Aker i Vang, Norge; died on 12 Dec 1855 in Hamar, Norge. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
Johannes married Karine Caroline Mariane Hagerup on 12 Aug 1857 in Biri, Norge. Karine (daughter of Niels Johan Hagerup and Marie Krogh) was born on 27 Aug 1830 in Borgund ved Aalesund, Norge; died on 18 Jan 1912 in Stavanger, Norge. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
Children:
- 68. Johan Michael Stoud Platou
was born on 4 Jun 1858 in Hamar, Norge. - 69. Albert Bernhard Marius Platou
was born on 25 Sep 1859 in Hamar, Norge; died on 14 Jan 1861 in Aasterud i Stange, Norge. - 70. Ludvig Stoud Platou
was born on 28 Feb 1861 in Aasterud i Stange, Norge; died on 8 Feb 1864 in Hamar, Norge. - 71. Birgitte Platou
was born on 9 Oct 1862 in Hamar, Norge. - 72. Anne [Anna] Marie Platou
was born on 17 Nov 1864 in Aasterud i Stange, Norge. - 73. Marie Platou
was born on 15 Jul 1866 in Aasterud i Stange, Norge; died on 13 Jun 1867 in Aasterud i Stange, Norge. - 74. Thorvald Hagerup Platou
was born on 21 Oct 1868 in Aasterud i Stange, Norge.
- 68. Johan Michael Stoud Platou
25. Juliane [Julie] Marie Platou
(8.Otto3, 2.Cathrine2, 1.Ludvig1) was born on 14 Jul 1829 in Biri, Norge; died on 26 Feb 1860 in Hamar, Norge. Juliane married Ole Østbye on 14 Feb 1856 in Vang, Norge. Ole (son of Ole Guldbrandsen Østbye and Anne Larsdatter Gaustad) was born on 3 Aug 1825 in Østby i Romedal, Norge; died on 20 Nov 1897 in Hamar, Norge. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
26. Frederik Christian Platou Jessen
(9.Johanne3, 2.Cathrine2, 1.Ludvig1) was born on 2 Feb 1814 in Præstø; was christened on 27 Apr 1814 in Præstø. 27. Hans Jørgen Jessen
(9.Johanne3, 2.Cathrine2, 1.Ludvig1) was born on 9 Mar 1819 in Præstø; died on 26 Nov 1841. 28. Hanne Christine Jessen
(9.Johanne3, 2.Cathrine2, 1.Ludvig1) was born on 6 Apr 1824 in Præstø; died on 3 Dec 1862. 29. Magdalene Marie Jessen
(9.Johanne3, 2.Cathrine2, 1.Ludvig1) was born on 12 Dec 1821 in Præstø; died on 8 Jun 1824. 30. Jess Wilhelm Jessen
(9.Johanne3, 2.Cathrine2, 1.Ludvig1) was born on 5 Jul 1816 in Præstø. 31. Karen Louise Jessen
(9.Johanne3, 2.Cathrine2, 1.Ludvig1) was born on 20 Oct 1811 in Tærø, Kalvehave. 32. Elise Cathrine Jessen
(9.Johanne3, 2.Cathrine2, 1.Ludvig1) was born on 7 Sep 1810 in Tærø, Kalvehave. Family/Spouse: Christopher Jensen. Christopher was born in 1812 in Søllerød. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
Children:
- 75. Berthe Johannes Jessen Jensen
was born in 1843 in Skibinge.
- 75. Berthe Johannes Jessen Jensen
33. Marie Cathrine Helene Meyer
(12.Fredrikke3, 2.Cathrine2, 1.Ludvig1) was born on 26 Jul 1813 in København; died on 4 Dec 1881. Marie married Wilhelm Henrik Hahn Visby on 26 Aug 1835 in Tikøb sogn, Lynge-Kronborg herred, Frederiksborg amt. Wilhelm was born in 1808 in Ramløse, Frederiksborg amt. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
Children:
- 76. Louise Marie Magdalene Meyer Visby
was born in 1836 in Tikøb sogn, Lynge-Kronborg herred, Frederiksborg amt. - 77. Signe Emilie Visby
was christened on 29 Jun 1838 in Tikøb sogn, Lynge-Kronborg herred, Frederiksborg amt. - 78. Hans Frederik Meyer Visby
was christened on 26 Aug 1839 in Tikøb sogn, Lynge-Kronborg herred, Frederiksborg amt. - 79. Christian Julius Fangel Visby
was christened on 11 Sep 1841 in Tikøb sogn, Lynge-Kronborg herred, Frederiksborg amt. - 80. Carl Platou Visby
was christened on 13 Aug 1843 in Tikøb sogn, Lynge-Kronborg herred, Frederiksborg amt. - 81. Frederikke Charlotte Magdalene Visby
was born on 24 Feb 1847; was christened on 20 Jun 1847 in Vester Velling sogn, Viborg amt; died on 21 Jun 1919 in Gladsaxe. - 82. Herman Andreas Seidelin Visby
was christened in 1848 in Vester Velling sogn, Viborg amt.
- 76. Louise Marie Magdalene Meyer Visby
